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Windows 98 included USB support out of the box, and also plug and play , which allows devices to work when plugged in without requiring a system reboot or manual configuration. In , Microsoft released Windows NT 3. Unlike the Windows 9x series of operating systems, it is a fully bit operating system. In , Windows NT 4. Windows NT was originally designed to be used on high-end systems and servers, but with the release of Windows , many consumer-oriented features from Windows 95 and Windows 98 were included, such as the Windows Desktop Update , Internet Explorer 5 , USB support and Windows Media Player.
These consumer-oriented features were further extended in Windows XP in , which included a new visual style called Luna , a more user-friendly interface, updated versions of Windows Media Player and Internet Explorer 6 by default, and extended features from Windows Me, such as the Help and Support Center and System Restore. Windows Vista , which was released in , focused on securing the Windows operating system against computer viruses and other malicious software by introducing features such as User Account Control.
New features include Windows Aero , updated versions of the standard games e. Despite this, Windows Vista was critically panned for its poor performance on older hardware and its at-the-time high system requirements. Windows 7 followed in nearly three years after its launch, and despite it technically having higher system requirements, [3] [4] reviewers noted that it ran better than Windows Vista. Windows 8 , which was released in , introduced many controversial changes, such as the replacement of the Start menu with the Start Screen, the removal of the Aero interface in favor of a flat, colored interface as well as the introduction of "Metro" apps later renamed to Universal Windows Platform apps , and the Charms Bar user interface element, all of which received considerable criticism from reviewers.
The following version of Windows, Windows 10 , which was released in , reintroduced the Start menu and added the ability to run Universal Windows Platform apps in a window instead of always in full screen. Windows 10 was generally well-received, with many reviewers stating that Windows 10 is what Windows 8 should have been. The latest version of Windows, Windows 11 , was released on October 5, Windows 11 incorporates a redesigned user interface, including a new Start menu, a visual style featuring rounded corners, and a new layout for the Microsoft Store, [13] and also included Microsoft Edge by default.
The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1. The project was briefly codenamed "Interface Manager" before the windowing system was implemented—contrary to popular belief that it was the original name for Windows and Rowland Hanson , the head of marketing at Microsoft, convinced the company that the name Windows would be more appealing to customers.
Windows 1. The first version of Microsoft Windows included a simple graphics painting program called Windows Paint ; Windows Write , a simple word processor ; an appointment calendar; a card-filer; a notepad ; a clock; a control panel ; a computer terminal ; Clipboard ; and RAM driver. Microsoft had worked with Apple Computer to develop applications for Apple's new Macintosh computer, which featured a graphical user interface.
As part of the related business negotiations, Microsoft had licensed certain aspects of the Macintosh user interface from Apple; in later litigation, a district court summarized these aspects as "screen displays". In the development of Windows 1.
For example, windows were only displayed "tiled" on the screen; that is, they could not overlap or overlie one another. On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 1. Microsoft Windows version 2.
Much of the popularity for Windows 2. Microsoft Windows received a major boost around this time when Aldus PageMaker appeared in a Windows version, having previously run only on Macintosh. Some computer historians [ who?
Like prior versions of Windows, version 2. In such a configuration, it could run under another multitasker like DESQview , which used the protected mode. It was also the first version to support the High Memory Area when running on an Intel compatible processor. Version 2. In Apple Computer, Inc. Microsoft Corp. Judge William Schwarzer dropped all but 10 of Apple's claims of copyright infringement, and ruled that most of the remaining 10 were over uncopyrightable ideas.
On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 2. Windows 3. A few months after introduction, Windows 3. A "multimedia" version, Windows 3. This version was the precursor to the multimedia features available in Windows 3. The features listed above and growing market support from application software developers made Windows 3.
Support was discontinued on December 31, Its API was incompatible with Windows. Version 1. They cooperated with each other in developing their PC operating systems, and had access to each other's code. After an interim 1. Microsoft would later imitate much of it in Windows Still, much of the system had bit code internally which required, among other things, device drivers to be bit code as well.
It also removed Real Mode, and only ran on an or better processor. Later Microsoft also released Windows 3. In and , Microsoft released Windows for Workgroups WfW , which was available both as an add-on for existing Windows 3.
Windows for Workgroups included improved network drivers and protocol stacks, and support for peer-to-peer networking. There were two versions of Windows for Workgroups, WfW 3.
Unlike prior versions, Windows for Workgroups 3. All these versions continued version 3. Even though the 3. The Windows API became the de facto standard for consumer software. On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 3. Meanwhile, Microsoft continued to develop Windows NT. This successor was codenamed Cairo. In hindsight, Cairo was a much more difficult project than Microsoft had anticipated and, as a result, NT and Chicago would not be unified until Windows XP —albeit Windows , oriented to business, had already unified most of the system's bolts and gears, it was XP that was sold to home consumers like Windows 95 and came to be viewed as the final unified OS.
Driver support was lacking due to the increased programming difficulty in dealing with NT's superior hardware abstraction model. This problem plagued the NT line all the way through Windows Programmers complained that it was too hard to write drivers for NT, and hardware developers were not going to go through the trouble of developing drivers for a small segment of the market. Additionally, although allowing for good performance and fuller exploitation of system resources, it was also resource-intensive on limited hardware, and thus was only suitable for larger, more expensive machines.
However, these same features made Windows NT perfect for the LAN server market which in was experiencing a rapid boom, as office networking was becoming common. Windows NT version 3. The Win32 API had three levels of implementation: the complete one for Windows NT, a subset for Chicago originally called Win32c missing features primarily of interest to enterprise customers at the time such as security and Unicode support, and a more limited subset called Win32s which could be used on Windows 3.
Thus Microsoft sought to ensure some degree of compatibility between the Chicago design and Windows NT, even though the two systems had radically different internal architectures. Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel , influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.
As released, Windows NT 3. The 3. Support for Windows NT 3. After Windows 3. The Win32 API first introduced with Windows NT was adopted as the standard bit programming interface, with Win16 compatibility being preserved through a technique known as " thunking ". A new object-oriented GUI was not originally planned as part of the release, although elements of the Cairo user interface were borrowed and added as other aspects of the release notably Plug and Play slipped.
Microsoft did not change all of the Windows code to bit; parts of it remained bit albeit not directly using real mode for reasons of compatibility, performance, and development time. Additionally it was necessary to carry over design decisions from earlier versions of Windows for reasons of backwards compatibility, even if these design decisions no longer matched a more modern computing environment.
These factors eventually began to impact the operating system's efficiency and stability. Microsoft marketing adopted Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago when it was released on August 24, Microsoft had a double gain from its release: first, it made it impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a cheaper, non-Microsoft DOS, secondly, although traces of DOS were never completely removed from the system and MS DOS 7 would be loaded briefly as a part of the booting process, Windows 95 applications ran solely in enhanced mode, with a flat bit address space and virtual memory.
These features make it possible for Win32 applications to address up to 2 gigabytes of virtual RAM with another 2 GB reserved for the operating system , and in theory prevented them from inadvertently corrupting the memory space of other Win32 applications.
Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was succeeded by Windows Unlike with Windows 3. Microsoft case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft's part. Some companies sold new hard drives with OSR2 preinstalled officially justifying this as needed due to the hard drive's capacity. The first Microsoft Plus! Microsoft ended extended support for Windows 95 on December 31, Microsoft released the successor to NT 3.
It was Microsoft's primary business-oriented operating system until the introduction of Windows Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows NT 4. Both editions were succeeded by Windows Professional and the Windows Server Family, respectively.
This edition was succeeded by Windows XP Embedded. On June 25, , Microsoft released Windows 98 code-named Memphis , three years after the release of Windows 95 , two years after the release of Windows NT 4.
USB support in Windows 98 is marketed as a vast improvement over Windows The release continued the controversial inclusion of the Internet Explorer browser with the operating system that started with Windows 95 OEM Service Release 1.
The action eventually led to the filing of the United States v. Microsoft case, dealing with the question of whether Microsoft was introducing unfair practices into the market in an effort to eliminate competition from other companies such as Netscape. In , Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an interim release. One of the more notable new features was the addition of Internet Connection Sharing , a form of network address translation , allowing several machines on a LAN Local Area Network to share a single Internet connection.
Hardware support through device drivers was increased and this version shipped with Internet Explorer 5. Many minor problems that existed in the first edition were fixed making it, according to many, the most stable release of the Windows 9x family.
Mainstream support for Windows 98 and 98 SE ended on June 30, , and ended extended support on July 11, It has the version number Windows NT 5. Windows has had four official service packs. Verify the target server meets system requirements.
Verify Application compatibility. Verify security settings. Check connectivity to the target server from the computer where you plan to run the installation. You can delegate permissions to install AD DS. For more information, see Installation Management Tasks. Steps-by-step instructions to promote new and replica Windows Server domain controllers using Windows PowerShell cmdlets and Server Manager can be found in the following links:.
Prior to the release of Windows 8, Windows Update managed its own internal schedule to check for updates, and to download and install them. It required that the Windows Update Agent was always running in the background, consuming memory and other system resources. Windows 8 and Windows Server introduce a new feature called Automatic Maintenance.
Automatic Maintenance consolidates many different features that each used to manage its own scheduling and execution logic. This consolidation allows for all these components to use far less system resources, work consistently, respect the new Connected Standby state for new device types, and consume less battery on portable devices.
Because Windows Update is a part of Automatic Maintenance in Windows 8 and Windows Server , its own internal schedule for setting a day and time to install updates is no longer effective.
To help ensure consistent and predictable restart behavior for all devices and computers in your enterprise, including those that run Windows 8 and Windows Server , see Microsoft KB article or see October cumulative rollup , then configure policy settings described in the WSUS blog post Enabling a more predictable Windows Update experience for Windows 8 and Windows Server KB The following table summarizes new features for AD DS in Windows Server R2, with a link to more detailed information where it is available.
For a more detailed explanation of some features, including their requirements, see What's New in Active Directory in Windows Server R2. The following table summarizes the new features for AD DS in Windows Server , with a link to more detailed information where it is available. To help ensure consistent and predictable restart behavior for all devices and computers in your enterprise, including those that run Windows 8 and Windows Server , you can configure the following Group Policy settings:.
The following table lists some examples of how to configure these settings to provide desired restart behavior. Error conditions can be corrected to eliminate concerns from a partially complete upgrade. The wizard also exports a Windows PowerShell script that contains all the options that were specified during the graphical installation. Taken together, the AD DS installation changes simplify the DC role installation process and reduce the likelihood of administrative errors, especially when you are deploying multiple domain controllers across global regions and domains.
For administrators that want to control the introduction of schema changes in an Active Directory forest independent of the installation of Windows Server DCs in an existing forest, Adprep. Beginning with Windows Server , domain controllers also have the following secure default settings, compared to domain controllers that run Windows Server or Windows For more information about system requirements and pre-installation information, see Installing Windows Server There are no additional system requirements to install a new Active Directory forest, but you should add sufficient memory to cache the contents of Active Directory database in order to improve performance for domain controllers, LDAP client requests, and Active Directory-enabled applications.
If you are upgrading an existing domain controller or adding a new domain controller to an existing forest, review the next section to ensure the server meets disk space requirements. This section covers disk space requirements only for upgrading domain controllers from Windows Server or Windows Server R2.
For more information about disk space requirements for upgrading domain controllers to earlier versions of Windows Server, see Disk space requirements for upgrading to Windows Server or Disk space requirements for upgrading to Windows Server R2. Size the disk that hosts the Active Directory database and log files in order to accommodate the custom and application-driven schema extensions, application and administrator-initiated indexes, plus space for the objects and attributes that you will be added to the directory over deployment life of the domain controller typically 5 to 8 years.
Right sizing at deployment time is typically a good investment compared to greater touch costs required to expand disk storage after deployment. On domain controllers that you plan to upgrade, make sure that the drive that hosts the Active Directory database NTDS. DIT file before you begin the operating system upgrade. If there is insufficient free disk space on the volume, the upgrade can fail and the upgrade compatibility report returns an error indicating insufficient free disk space:.
In this case, you can try an offline defragmentation of the Active Directory database to recapture additional space, and then retry the upgrade. In previous releases, Windows Server editions differed in their support of server roles, processor counts and large memory support. The Standard and Datacenter editions of Windows Server support all features and underlying hardware but vary in their virtualization rights - two virtual instances are allowed for Standard edition and unlimited virtual instances are allowed for Datacenter edition.
The following Windows client and Windows Server operating systems are supported for domain member computers with domain controllers that run Windows Server or later:. You cannot upgrade domain controllers that run Windows Server or bit versions of Windows Server To replace them, install domain controllers that run a later version of Windows Server in the domain, and then remove the domain controllers that Windows Server Note that you cannot convert a domain controller that runs an evaluation version of Windows Server directly to a retail version.
Instead, install an additional domain controller on a server that runs a retail version and remove AD DS from the domain controller that runs on the evaluation version.
Due to a known issue, you cannot upgrade a domain controller that runs a Server Core installation of Windows Server R2 to a Server Core installation of Windows Server The upgrade will hang on a solid black screen late in the upgrade process. Rebooting such DCs exposes an option in boot. An additional reboot triggers the automatic rollback to the previous operating system version.
Until a solution is available, it is recommended that you install a new domain controller running a Server Core installation of Windows Server instead of in-place upgrading an existing domain controller that runs a Server Core installation of Windows Server R2.
For more information, see KB article Windows Server requires a Windows Server forest functional level. That is, before you can add a domain controller that runs Windows Server to an existing Active Directory forest, the forest functional level must be Windows Server or higher. This means that domain controllers that run Windows Server R2, Windows Server , or Windows Server can operate in the same forest, but domain controllers that run Windows Server are not supported and will block installation of a domain controller that runs Windows Server Each physical server, including single-processor servers, will need to be licensed with a minimum of 16 Core Licenses eight 2-pack of Core Licenses or one pack of Core Licenses.
Additional cores can then be licensed in increments of two cores one 2-pack of Core Licenses for servers with core densities higher than 8. Customers cannot license individual Windows Server virtual machines. They must license the full physical server. Licensing requirements for Extended Security Updates on-premises align to the licensing requirements for the underlying Software Assurance coverage or subscription. Customers will only need to know their Windows Server license position for a given server, to know how many Extended Security Update licenses they need.
Customers who have covered all the underlying cores of the physical server with Windows Server Datacenter licenses should buy Extended Security Updates for the number of physical cores, irrespective of the number of VMs running on that physical server.
Customers who have covered all the underlying cores of the physical server with Windows Server Standard licenses should buy Extended Security Updates for the number of physical cores, but will only be licensed to run and update two virtual machines on the server. Customers who wish to run and update more than two virtual machines on a server licensed with Windows Server Standard must re-license all of the physical cores on the server with both Windows Server Standard and Extended Security Updates for each additional pair of virtual machines.
Microsoft will only produce updates which can be applied on the latest Service Pack. For customers who do not have Software Assurance, the alternative option to get access to Extended Security Updates is to migrate to Azure.
For variable workloads, we recommend that customers migrate on Azure via Pay-As-You-Go, which allows for scaling up or down at any time. For predictable workloads, we recommend that customers migrate to Azure via Server Subscription and Reserved Instances. Licenses and Software Assurance do not need to be on the same agreement.
However, we recommend customers complete migration before the End of Support date so that they do not miss any Extended Security Updates. If customers miss a year of Extended Security Updates coverage, they may buy coverage for previous years at the same time they buy coverage for a current period. Yes, customers can start a new , R2, , or R2 instance on Azure and have access to Extended Security Updates. Customers who purchase Extended Security Updates for production servers may also apply those security updates to servers licensed under Visual Studio MSDN subscriptions at no additional cost.
There is no limit to the number of MSDN servers a customer can cover. Premium Assurance is no longer available, but we will honor the terms of Premium Assurance for customers who already purchased it. Software Assurance is required as a pre-requisite to Extended Security Updates. Extended Security Updates coverage is not required to be co-terminus with Software Assurance coverage, but customers must have at least one month of qualifying Software Assurance coverage remaining at the time a given year of Extended Security Updates coverage is purchased.
If they migrate to Azure, however, they can get support using their Azure Support Plan. When customers have purchased Extended Security Updates and have an existing support plan:. Scenario: Support Team will work to troubleshoot customer issue Response: Yes. Scenario: Support Team will do a root cause analysis Response: No. This program covers only the named product and the components that shipped with it.
Unless explicitly stated the scope of this program does not extend to any other products or tools that the customer may be running on or with the covered product. No, customers must purchase Extended Security Updates separately. The cost of Extended Security Updates is not included in the price calculation of the Unified Support agreement.
However, customers with Unified Support and Extended Security Updates can request technical support for the , R2, , or R2 servers covered by Extended Security Updates. Onsite or proactive support will only be available to a customer if it is part of their Unified Support agreement. Yes, organizations which have purchased Extended Security Updates can submit support incidents using any Microsoft Support offering, including Unified and Premier Support.
Microsoft Partners are also able to submit tickets on behalf of their customers as long as the customer has purchased Extended Security Updates, though Partners will need a support agreement in place to do so.
All customers must call Microsoft Support in order to place a request for a technical support incident. As we continue to work to fully automate the validation process, the tech routers will validate whether a customer purchased Extended Security Updates. Once the customer is validated, a case will be created and routed to the appropriate queue for technical support. Customers should provide their Enterprise Agreement number or full customer name for validation.
If an investigation determines that resolution requires product enhancement available in a recent release, then a request will be made to the customer to upgrade to a more recent release where the capability is already available. See online servicing for more details. Extended Security Updates are not supported in offline servicing mode. Applying Extended Security Updates in offline servicing mode will generate an error and updates will fail.
The Wsusscn2. The latest Wsusscn2. Windows Server: Customers can leverage existing on-premises license investments to save on Azure Virtual Machines.
Pricing is based on per core pricing, based on the number of virtual cores in the hosted virtual machine, and subject to a minimum of 16 licenses per instance for Windows Server and four for SQL Server. Customers cannot apply them to non-covered databases or share them with hosters. The following describes pricing for Extended Security Updates in various hosted scenarios. Azure Pricing: Cost included in standard virtual machine rate SA or subscription required?
The Extended Security Updates offer does not include technical support. Customers can use existing support agreements for questions.
However, free updates in Azure is the more attractive offer. They are Security Updates only. Customers can install Extended Security Updates using the tools and processes they are using today. The only difference is that the system must be unlocked for the updates to install. On-premises customers that purchase Extended Security Updates will receive an add-on key to activate Extended Security Updates through the volume licensing portal VLSC or alternatively, go to Azure Portal to do download keys link to service.
Specific KB information can be found in that blog post. This is also the process that customers will need to follow for Azure Stack. They do not replace the current product activation key e. Customers will need to install a new Extended Security Updates key each year they have Extended Security Updates deployed.
There is also time required for your organization to plan and deploy those MAK keys prior to deploying the security updates. Be sure to take this timeframe in mind as you consider purchasing ESU licenses. Pre-patched Windows Server R2 images will also be available from the Azure gallery.
If an Azure Virtual Machine is not configured to receive automatic updates, then the on-premises download option applies. For more information about automatic updates, see Manage Windows updates by using Azure Automation. Microsoft recommends applying Extended Security Update patches as soon as they are available to keep their environment protected. For specific questions about update channels, and the instance registration and download process, please contact your Microsoft Technical Account Manager or Support resource.
Windows Server SP2: The support will be in an upcoming release, but the same steps will apply. All rights reserved. Installation ID: Confirmation ID for product 77dbbcd7-a3ab-a9c6de0 deposited successfully. Customers may use their preferred tools for software and hardware inventory. Find links to inventory tools from Microsoft and our partners on the Azure migration center site.
Customers can migrate workloads from a VMware-based virtual machine on-premises to Azure Virtual Machines using Azure Site Recovery or use many partner tools.
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